Erving Goffman - Biography and Works

Erving Goffman (1922–1982) was a major Canadian-American sociologist who played a significant role in the development of modern American sociology. He is considered by some to be the most influential sociologist of the 20th century, thanks to his many significant and lasting contributions to the field.  He is widely known and celebrated as a major figure in the development of  symbolic interaction theory  and for developing the dramaturgical perspective. His most widely read works include  The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life  and  Stigma: Notes the Management of Spoiled Identity. Major Contributions Goffman is credited for making significant contributions to the field of sociology. He is considered a pioneer of micro-sociology, or the close examination of the social interactions that compose everyday life. Through this type of work, Goffman presented evidence and theory for the social construction of the self as it is presented to and managed for others, created the concept of framing and the perspective of frame analysis, and set the foundation for the study of impression management. Through his study of social interaction, Goffman made a lasting mark on how sociologists understand and study stigma and how it affects the lives of people who experience it. His studies also laid the groundwork for the study of strategic interaction within game theory and laid the foundation for the method and subfield of conversation analysis. Based on his study of mental institutions, Goffman created the concept and framework for studying total institutions and the process of resocialization that takes place within them. Early Life and Education Goffman was born June 11, 1922, in Alberta, Canada. His parents, Max and Anne Goffman, were Ukrainian Jews who emigrated to Canada prior to his birth. After his parents moved to Manitoba, Goffman attended St. Johns Technical High School in Winnipeg, and in 1939 he began his university studies in chemistry at the University of Manitoba. Goffman later switched to studying sociology at the University of Toronto and completed his B.A. in 1945. Goffman enrolled at the University of Chicago for graduate school and completed a Ph.D. in sociology in 1953. Trained in the tradition of the Chicago School of Sociology, Goffman conducted ethnographic research  and studied symbolic interaction theory. Among his major influences were Herbert Blumer, Talcott Parsons, Georg Simmel, Sigmund Freud, and Émile  Durkheim. His first major study for his doctoral dissertation was an account of everyday social interaction and rituals on Unset, an island among the Shetland Islands chain in Scotland (Communication Conduct in an Island Community, 1953.) Goffman married Angelica Choate in 1952 and a year later the couple had a son, Thomas. Angelica committed suicide in 1964 after suffering from mental illness. Career and Later Life Following the completion of his doctorate and his marriage, Goffman took a job at the National Institute for Mental Health in Bethesda, Maryland. There, he conducted participant observation research for what would be his second book,  Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates, published in 1961. He described how this process of institutionalization socializes people into the role of a good patient (i.e. someone dull, harmless and inconspicuous), which in turn reinforces the notion that severe mental illness is a chronic state. Goffmans first book, published in 1956, and arguably his most widely taught and famous work, is titled  The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Drawing on his research in the Shetland Islands, it is in this book that Goffman laid out his dramaturgical approach to studying the minutiae of everyday face-to-face interaction. He used the imagery of the theater to portray the importance of human and social action. All actions, he argued, are social performances that aim to give and maintain certain desired impressions of oneself to others. In social interactions, humans are actors on a stage playing a performance for an audience. The only time individuals can be themselves and get rid of their role or identity in society is backstage where no audience is present. Goffman took a faculty position in the department of sociology at the University of California-Berkeley in 1958. In 1962 he was promoted to full professor. In 1968, he was appointed the Benjamin Franklin Chair in Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania. Goffman’s Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience  was published in 1974. Frame analysis is the study of the organization of social experiences, and so with his book, Goffman wrote about how conceptual frames structure an individual’s perception of society. He used the concept of a picture frame to illustrate this concept. The frame, he said, represents structure and is used to hold together an individual’s context of what they are experiencing in their life, represented by a picture. In 1981 Goffman married Gillian Sankoff, a sociolinguist. Together the two had a daughter, Alice, born in 1982. Goffman died of stomach cancer that same year. Alice Goffman became a notable sociologist in her own right. Awards and Honors Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1969)Guggenheim Fellowship (1977–78)Cooley-Mead Award for Distinguished Scholarship, Second on Social Psychology, American Sociological Association (1979)73rd President of the American Sociological Association (1981–82)Mead Award, Society for the Study of Social Problems (1983)Sixth most cited author in humanities and social sciences in 2007 Other Major Publications Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction (1961)Behavior in Public Places (1963)Interaction Ritual (1967)Gender Advertisements (1976)Forms of Talk (1981)

Policy In Pakistan - 997 Words

US policy in Pakistan largely centres around expending military aid to combat regional terrorism and facilitate peace in Afghanistan. However, it has hardly achieved any tangible results. The Pakistani army, which supersedes it’s elected government, diverted these funds towards anti-India terror factions for covert proxy wars due to it’s historic rivalry with India. These terror factions carried out the Mumbai terror attacks in 2008, attracting censure from Pakistan’s civilians and international condemnation at a time when US strategic convergence with India was growing. Simultaneous changes in Pakistan’s military leadership led to attempts to dissolve these groups, who turned on it instead. They subsequently allied themselves with†¦show more content†¦The fundamental problem was a lack of leverage : Pakistan had no interest in a peaceful Afghanistan but the US had no other partner to turn to. Eventually, the Pakistan army lost control over some of these terror groups, who linked up with al-Qaeda, Taliban and more recently, the Islamic State, across the porous Afghanistan border. In light of pressure from the US and it’s growing non-state actors, the Pakistan military attempted to curb these groups but failed. Consequently, these groups pledged alliance to one of al-Qaeda, Taliban or the Islamic State and amped up terror attacks within Pakistan. This reached the tipping point in December 2014, when members of the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan killed 243 children in an army school. In response, the Pakistani army killed 3500 terrorists of the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan and other internal terror factions in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) near the Afghanistan border, over the last two years. Simultaneously, the Pakistani media blamed the US for Pakistan’s thriving internal violence and anti-American sentiment amongst civilians grew. While this was a major counter-terrorism initiative, Pakistan has an episodic history of reverting to proxy terrorism. It continues to harbour anti-India terror groups, which could be refocused towards India, once tensions with the Tehrik-i-Taliban subside and Pakistan could resume double crossing the US. However,Show MoreRelatedMonetary Policy in Pakistan1045 Words   |  5 PagesMonetary policy in Pakistan | By Dr. M. Hanif Akhtar,   Department of Commerce,   B. Z. University, Multan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aug 28 - Sep 03, 2000Monetary policy in Pakistan has been used in co-ordination with the fiscal policy to achieve both the objectives of macro-economic stability and higher economic growth. The government supervises monetary situation of economy through the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). This article attempts to present an overviewRead MoreMonetary Policy of Pakistan6412 Words   |  26 PagesMONETARY POLICY [A REVIEW] [2009] BBA-Morning-2007 Saira Yoususf†¦Roll # 18 Mehwish Khalil†¦Roll # 14 Salman Ahmed†¦Roll # 09 Farhan Ahmed†¦Roll # 23 Nasir Hanif†¦Roll # 49 Zaid Munir†¦Roll # 46 Presented to: PROF. HASSAN KAMRAN Presented by: Saira Yousaf†¦roll no. 18 Mehwish Khalil†¦roll no.14 Salman Ahmed†¦roll no. 09 Farhan Ahmed†¦roll no. 23 Nasir Hanif†¦roll no.49 Zaid Munir†¦roll no.46 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The most important acknowledge is to our Lord Most Merciful MostRead MorePopulation Policy of Pakistan3392 Words   |  14 Pagespercent in previous decades to its current level of 2.1 percent per annum, Pakistan still has an unacceptably high rate of growth compared to other developing countries. Therefore the Government of Pakistan is attaching the highest priority to the lowering of the population growth rate (PGR) from its current level to 1.9 percent per annum by the year 2004 and to reaching replacement level of fertility by the year 2020. Pakistan is faced with its ever-largest adolescent population, because of its highRead MoreDisaster Management Policies and Systems in Pakistan13687 Words   |  55 PagesA Review of Disaster Management Policies and Systems in Pakistan for WCDR 2005 January, 2005 Islamabad Abbreviations 1 ADB Asian Development Bank AJK Azad Jammu Kashmir DCO District Coordination Officer DERA Drought Emergency Relief Assistance DANIDA Danish International Development Assistance ECF Energy Conservation Fund EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ERC Emergency Relief Cell FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FFC Federal Flood Commission GDO Goods Dispatch OrganizationRead More1950s Trade Policies of Pakistan1762 Words   |  8 PagesPeriod II:  The Golden Sixties, 1958 to 19695 Ayub Khan, the first military dictator of Pakistan, assumed complete control of the state in October 1958 and reigned over the golden period of Pakistan’s economic history. With the help of Harvard advisors, Khan vigorously implemented the Planning Commission on Economic Management and Reforms with impressive results.6 GDP growth in this decade jumped to an average annual rate of 6 percent from 3 percent in the 1950s. The manufacturing sector expandedRead MoreForeign Policy of Pakistan from 1947 to 201210146 Words   |  41 PagesPakistan Foreign Policy: Form 1947 to 2012 Shahnawaz Mohammad Khan PhD Candidate DepartmentRead MoreOpen skies policy: In the 1990 the government of Pakistan takes on an open skies aviation policy,1100 Words   |  5 PagesOpen skies policy: In the 1990 the government of Pakistan takes on an open skies aviation policy, and signed a memo of considerate with a number of countries of the state and external. These work out were take on in great speed without really considerate the insinuation of â€Å"open skies â€Å" PIA, which was at that time mostly needy upon domestic and cultural passenger traffic, unexpectedly set up itself challenging with carries at home. The result disorder led to more confusion in the minds of underfessionalRead MoreFactors Affecting Dividend Payout Policy of Oil and Gas Sector in Pakistan4865 Words   |  20 PagesCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Dividend policy is the decision for the firm to pay out earnings verses retaining and reinvesting them. Dividend decision has remained one of the tough challenges for financial economists. We are yet to understand completely the factors that influence dividend decision and the manner in which these factors interact. From the practitioner’s viewpoint dividend policy of a firm has an implication for investors, managers, lenders and other stakeholders. For investors, dividendsRead MorePakistan is one of the poorest countries in the world, with many of its citizens living below the1000 Words   |  4 PagesPakistan is one of the poorest countries in the world, with many of its citizens living below the poverty line. It is an agro based country thus the revenue that is earned through agriculture is not enough to support the rapidly growing population. In the mids of the 1980’s Pakistan was facing a staggering economy due to the energy crisis all around the world. The main crisis that Pakistan is facing is due to the instability of the government. Largely Pakistan is divided between two Parties PakistanRead MoreExport Promotion Of Import Substitution1182 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped ones , often use policies of trade liberalization to boost up their exports. The most commonly used policy is import substitution. However, sometimes export promotion also becomes a prominent part of country s economic policy. Unfortunately, Pakistan has never had a consistent, coherent and well-articulated trade policy. Trading patterns have closely followed a cycle defined by a major departure from and return to protectionist import substitution policies. For Pakistan, import substitution

Organization Efficient WorkCultural Review SAMSUNG †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Organization Cultural Review SAMSUNG. Answer: Introduction The organizational development had seen the large prospect of the implementation of the effective and efficient work culture for the operations in a particular region (Samsung.com. 2013). There are many organizations having global existence and their operations, functions and other prospects are different in different locations. The following report had been developed for forming the analysis of the cultural variation in a global organization. Samsung has been selected for forming the comparison of cultural variation in the organization at their home state and that of Australia. Samsung is a Korean company and it had spread all over the world including Australia. Comparison of the working culture of Samsung The working culture of Samsung in Korea and Australia have been compared in the following section, In Korea (home country): According to Soh, Kim and Whang (2014), the working culture of Samsung varies location wise and their strategies have been varying too. The working culture of Samsung in South Korea forms a balance of the work and life among the employees. The theory of smart working is carried on by the developing operation of the organization. Samsung had achieved flexible working culture for the development of the project operations and formation of effective and smart working culture in the organization. The encouragement of the learning and development had been largely induced in the working culture of Australia in their home country, Korea. In Australia: On the other hand Lee, Kim and Park (2015) have pointed out that the operations of Samsung in Australia had been focusing on development of the operations and functions. The passionate harnessing of technology and power had been the primitive motive of the working culture of Samsung in Australia. The working culture of Samsung is developing the creativity, empowerment, and courage of their employees. They have been forming new scope in the development of the education and providing more opportunities for the people. Comparing Corporate Social Responsibility of Samsung The corporate social responsibility of Samsung in Korea and Australia have been compared in the following section, In Korea (home country): Kim et al. (2016) have stated that the corporate social responsibility of Samsung in Korea focuses on People, Society, and Environment. The organization had been developing strategies in accordance to the customers, human rights and law compliance. The supply chain management, corporate citizenship, and innovation had been followed by Samsung for developing their operations in Korea. The Environmental factors like Green policy, eco friendly products, and EHS management had been largely followed by Samsung for developing their strategies and operations. The company had been focusing on the occupational development of the operations in favor of the customers and formation of environmental friendly operations for the manufacturing and development (Rani et al. 2016). The focus on the people, society, and environment for the development of the operations of the organization would be highly developed in terms of the corporate social responsibility. In Australia: The corporate social responsibility of Samsung in Australia had been largely influenced by the People, Knowledge, and Power (Piao and Kleiner 2015). The people of Samsung have been actively taking parts in the various activities of the community for social awakening. They have been influencing youths and providing them with effective and smart functionality of the operations. The encouragement to the people had been effective for forming the support to the operations of the organization. The knowledge development and innovation had been successful for the development of the creative and innovative thinking in the organization (Rani et al. 2016). The organizational empowerment of the operations had been formed for the inclusion of the operational activities. The Samsung had been highly cognitive for the formation of the effective and smart operational activities of the development schedule. Competitive Advantage of Samsung Samsung had been using the competitive advantage for increasing the sale of its products. The development of the corporate operations had been prevalent for the development of the competitive advantages of Samsung in compare to other company and organizations. The competitive advantages of Samsung in Korea and Australia have been compared in the following section, In Korea (home country): The Samsung being the home company gets the benefit of persuasion of the people towards opting for the brand (Samsung.com. 2013). The people of Korea had been largely infusing the use Samsung devices for their operational development and functional improvement of the operations. The other factors of competitive advantage for the Samsung are the introduction of the smart android devices for the users to get the benefit of operation. The improvement of the operations would be helpful for the development of the customer development probabilities. In Australia: The systematic development of the company and gaining of global recognition would be helpful for the growth of popularity among the people of the Australia (Samsung au. 2017). The procurement of the operations had assisted in the formation of compliance of operation in the operations. The encouragement to the people had been effective for forming the support to the operations of the organization. The organizational empowerment of the operations had been formed for the inclusion of the operational activities. Conclusion The report had been made for forming the analysis of the comparison of the comparison of cultural variation in the organization at their home state and that of Australia. The working culture of Samsung includes the balance of the work and life, smart working, flexible working culture, and learning and development for their home country whereas the culture has passionate harnessing of technology and power, development of the operations and functions, and creativity, empowerment, and courage in Australia. The corporate social responsibility of Samsung had been focusing on people, society, and environment in their home country and people, knowledge, and power for Australia. The competitive advantage of Samsung in Korea is the loyalty of people and home ground and the global recognition of the brand in the world. References Kim, S., Lee, H., Kwon, Y., Yu, M. and Jo, H., 2016, December. Our Journey to Becoming Agile: Experiences with Agile Transformation in Samsung Electronics. InSoftware Engineering Conference (APSEC), 2016 23rd Asia-Pacific(pp. 377-380). IEEE. Lee, S.J., Kim, J. and Park, B.I., 2015. Culture clashes in cross-border mergers and acquisitions: A case study of Sweden's Volvo and South Korea's Samsung.International Business Review,24(4), pp.580-593. Piao, M. and Kleiner, B., 2015. Excellence in the Electronics Industry: The Comparison of the Organizational Culture among Apple Inc., Samsung Electronics and Google Inc.Conflict Resolution Negotiation Journal,2015(1). Rani, H.M.N.S., Zuber, F., Yusoof, M.S., Zamziba, M.N. and Toriry, S.A., 2016. Managing Cross-Cultural Environment in Samsung Company: Strategy in Global Business.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,6(11), pp.605-613. Samsung au. (2017).Corporate Citizenship Movie View | Corporate Citizenship | Samsung Electronics | About Us. [online] Available at: https://www.samsung.com/au/aboutsamsung/samsungelectronics/corporatecitizenship/communityandculture/ [Accessed 2 May 2017]. Samsung.com. (2013). [online] Sustainability Report 2012. Available at: https://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung/sustainability/people/download/Samsung_sr_2012_Creative_Organizational_Culture.pdf [Accessed 2 May 2017]. Samsung.com. (2017).Sustainability | About SAMSUNG Electronics | About SAMSUNG | SAMSUNG. [online] Available at: https://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung/sustainability/sustainablemanagement/ [Accessed 2 May 2017]. Soh, C., Kim, H.J. and Whang, T., 2014. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Implementation in South Korea: Lessons from American and British CSR Policies.Journal of International and Area Studies, pp.99-118.

Martin Luther King Essays (3334 words) - Martin Luther King, Jr.

Martin Luther King Key events in the life of MLK and the civil rights movement 1929 Martin Luther King, Jr. is born to Reverend and Mrs. Martin Luther King, Sr. on January 15 in Atlanta, Georgia. 1947 King is licensed to preach and begins assisting his father, who is a pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta. 1948 King is ordained as a Baptist minister on February 25. In June, he graduates from Morehouse College in Atlanta and receives a scholarship to study divinity at Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. 1949 While studying at Crozer, King attends a lecture by Dr. Mordecai Johnson on the life and work of Mahatma Gandhi and is inspired to delve deeper into the teachings of the Indian social philosopher. 1951 King graduates from Crozer with a Bachelor of Divinity degree. He is class valedictorian and winner of the Pearl Plafker Award for most outstanding student. In September, he begins doctoral studies in theology at Boston University, where he studies personalism with Edgar Sheffield Brightman and L. Harold De Wolf. 1953 King marries Coretta Scott at her family's home in Marion, Alabama on June 18. 1954 In May, the Brown v. Board of Education decision paves the way for school desegregation as the Supreme Court of the United States uninamously rules racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. The same month, King accepts a position as pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. On October 31, he is installed as the church's twentieth pastor. 1955 Having completed his dissertation, King is awarded his Ph.D. from Boston University. On November 17, Yolanda Denise (Yoki), the King's first child is born. Less than one month later, on December 5, the Montgomery bus boycott begins after Mrs. Rosa Park, a seamstress, is arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white person. King is elected president of the newly formed Montgomery Improvement Association and assumes leadership of the boycott, which will last 381 days. 1956 The King's home is bombed on January 30. Although Mrs. King and Yolanda are at home with a friend, no one is injured. In Early February, the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa is ordered by the Supreme Court to admit its first black student, Autherine Lucy. When white students demonstrate, Lucy is suspended from the University of Alabama for reasons of safety. A federal district judge orders her reinstated. When she is expelled again, she makes no further effort to enroll, and the University remains segregated until 1963. On February 21, King is indicted, along with twenty-four other ministers and more than one hundred other blacks, for conspiring to prevent the Montgomery bus company from operation of business. A United States Discrit Court rules on June 4 that racial segregation on Alabama's city bus lines is unconstitutional. On November 13, the United States Supreme Court uninamously upholds the decision. On December 21, blacks and whites in Montgomery ride for the first time on previously segregated buses. 1957 More than sixty black ministers, committed to a southern civil rights movement, respond to King's call for a meeting. In Atlanta on January 9 and 10, they form the organization that will become the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SLCL). While King and Rev. Ralph Abernathy are in Atlanta for the meeting, Abernathy's home and church are bombed in Montgomery. Three other Baptist churches and the home of a white minister are also bombed in response to the victory of the bus boycott. On February 14, the SCLC meets formally for the first time in New Orleans. King is unanimously elected president. On May 17, three years to the day after the Brown v. Board of Education decision, King participates with other civil rights leaders in a Prayer Pilgrimage to Washington. He delivers his first major national address, calling for black voting rights. The next month, he meets with Vice-President Richard Nixon. On September 9, Congress passes the 1957 Civil Rights Act, the first civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. The act created the Civil Rights Commission, established the Civil Right Division of the Justice Department, and empowered the federal government to seek court injunctions against obstruction of voting rights. The same month, President Dwight D. Eisenhower federalizes the Arkansas National Guard to escort nine black students to Little Rock Central High, a previously all-white high school. A thousand para-troopers are sent to restore